Health and Research

Proximal principle of food Definition: are defined as the number of nutrient present in the diet to maintain optimal growth of an organism. Nutrition: Nutrition is a science that relates food with health. Nutrient: It is an essential chemical substances present in the diet required for optimal growth and maintenance of the health of an organism. Fiber: Fibers are a non-digestive, non-caloric, fraction of carbohydrate present in the diet. Example: Cellulose, pectin, agar, etc. Trace element: Trace elements are micronutrients required in diet < 100mirogram /day. Example: 3C: Copper, Cobalt, Chromium 2M: Manganese, Molybdenum 2I: Iodine, Iron Selenium, Fluoride, Zinc. About CHO 1.    Total energy in Kcal/day is 50-65% CHO 2.    Complex: starch variety 3.    Ready sugar must be avoided. 4.    Spares fat and protein 5.    One fraction of CHO should be fiber. About Protein 1.    D...

Solution A solution may be defined as a homogenous mixture consisting of two or more substances in different proportions forming a single phase depending upon temperature and pressure. Example: Solution of sugar or salt in water. Components of the solution: A solution consists of two parts- a) Solvent and b) Solute. Solvent : The substance which has the capability to disperse another substance in solution and has the same physical state as that of the resultant solution is called the solvent. Example: Water. Solute : A solute is the substance that dissolves in the solvent and loses its physical state to form a solution. Example: Sugar, NaCl. Classification On the basis of their characteristics: a)       Qualitative b) Quantitative On the basis of their physical appearance: a) Saturated b) Unsaturated c) Supersaturated. 3.On the basis of their permeability through cell membrane: a) Crystalloidal b) Colloidal. 4.On the basis of the...

1.Write short note on: a) Coenzyme b) Cofactor c) Isoenzyme(Isozyme) Answer: Coenzyme A  coenzyme  is a substance that works with an  enzyme  to initiate or aid the function of the enzyme. It can be considered a helper molecule for a biochemical reaction. Coenzymes are small, nonproteinaceous molecules that provide a transfer site for a functioning enzyme. They are intermediate carriers of an atom or group of atoms, allowing a reaction to occur.  Coenzymes  are nonprotein organic molecules that bind loosely to an enzyme. Many (not all) are vitamins or are derived from vitamins. Many coenzymes contain adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Coenzymes maybe described as either  cosubstrates  or prosthetic groups. Cofactors   are inorganic species or at least nonprotein compounds that aid enzyme function by increasing the rate of catalysis. Typically, cofactors are metal ions. Some metallic elements  have no nutritional value , bu...

Some advice 1. The question that I put here is only 50% of the total written exam preparation. 2. You go through the main book and solve the written question and also solve the previous 5 years. 3. In the future, I will give some viva question samples that will be helpful for your viva preparation. 4. Always be positive about your preparation. 5. Try to get your preparation as a forward and reverse way. Such as Definition> classification> Biomedical importance etc. In contrast reverse preparation is the definition of carbohydrate> absorption site > Stomach > Histological cells of stomach > Hormones acts on Stomach > Vagus nerve route and distribution like these. I hope you will understand the point. 6. If you have any suggestions, feel free to question here in the comment section. 7. Today (27.03.2020), Up to this. Keep in touch with me. Keep and stay safe. Best wishes and best luck. 

Slot-6 1. Draw and level the structure of autosome. 2. State and explain Mendel’s law. 3. Draw and explain the cell cycle. 4. Mention characteristics of Autosomal dominance disorder with example. 5. Mention characteristics of Autosomal recessive disorder with example 6. Mention characteristics of x-linked disorder with example 7.   Short note on- a) Turner syndrome b) Klinefelter's Syndrome c) Down syndrome 8. Draw and explain the steps of protein synthesis. 9. Write a short note on- a) transcription b) Translation c) Post-translational modification 10. Classify chromosomal disorder. Short note on-a) Karyotype b) Genetic code 11. Define and classify mutation. 12. Write a short note on a)Pleiotropy b) Punnet square c) Redundancy d) Mosaicm 13. Write down the steps of PCR with its clinical importance. 14 Short note on recombinant DNA technology.

Slot-5 1. Write down the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus 2.Role of insulin over metabolism 3. Write down the mechanism of thyroid hormone secretion 4.Short note on a) OGTT b) IFG c) IGT d) Proteinuria e) Ricket 5. Define and classify jaundice. 6. Write down the abnormal constituents of urine with its value. 7. Write a short note on a) LDL b) HDL c) Triglyceride d) Hyperlipidemia 8.Define and classify obesity 9.Write a short note on- a) LDH b) SGPT c) SGOT d) Creatinine kinase e) ALP f) g GT g) Cardiac enzyme h) Iodine trapping 10.Mention role of Parathyroid hormone on calcium and phosphate homeostasis. 11.Short note on- a) GDM b) TSH c)CCR d) GFR e) BUN f) HBA1C 12.How urine becomes concentrated / diluted? 13. Write down the mechanism of diabetic ketoacidosis. 14. Short note on- a) Cretinism b) Myxedema c) Cushing’s Syndrome d) Addison’s disease

Slot-4 1.Define and classify body fluid compartment. Difference between ICF and ECF. How will you measure body fluid compartments? 2. State and explain the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone mechanism. What is the thrust mechanism? 3.Shote note on a) Metabolic acidosis b) Metabolic alkalosis c) Respiratory acidosis d) Respiratory alkalosis 4. Draw and level the structure of nephron and kidney function. 5. Short note on- a) Water balance b) Plasma colloidal osmotic pressure c) Hypokalaemia with ECG changes d) Hyperkalaemia with ECG changes e) Hyponatraemia f) Dehydration   g) Tetany h) Oedema